Below I've collected a few of my favorite short stories (and other writings) that I've come across over the years; I hope others will enjoy them, too!
The Egg, by Andy Wier: A brief and epic story, originally shared with me by Torben Noto.
Who Can Name the Bigger Number? by Scott Aaronson: A fascinating discussion results from a very simple question - what is the largest number that can be written in 15 seconds?
The Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges: A stroll through a library containing all possible information.
Lastly, there are two quick papers I've found really helpful. The first, for reading academic work: How To Read a Paper by Srinivasan Keshav, and the second for choosing research problems: How To Choose a Good Scientific Problem by Uri Alon.